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1-Hour
Lecture/Case-Based Class Sessions
Lecture 01. Bacterial Classification, Morphology & Cell
Structure: medically important groups of microorganisms,
classification (taxonomy) of bacteria, morphology (cell shapes,
Gram stain), ultrastructural features (cytoplasm, cell envelope,
external features), bacterial spores.
Lecture 02. Bacterial Metabolism & Growth: nutrient
requirements of bacteria, overview of metabolism, aerobic
respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, biosynthesis,
bacterial growth.
Lecture 03. Bacterial Genetics – Basic Concepts & Gene
Expression: the bacterial genome (chromosome,
extrachromosomal elements, bacteriophages), gene organization (operons,
cistrons), DNA replication (binary fission, replication rules &
fidelity), polymerase chain reaction.
Lecture 04. Bacterial Genetics – Genes, Maintenance &
Exchange: mutation & repair (types of mutations, mutagens,
DNA repair processes), gene transfer (transposons,
extrachromosomal elements, mechanisms of DNA exchange,
recombination, genetic engineering, etc.).
Lecture 05. Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis: entry
into the human body; adhesion, colonization & invasion;
pathogenic actions of bacteria (tissue destruction, toxins,
immunopathogenesis); mechanisms for escaping host defenses.
Lecture 06. The Gram-Positive Cocci – I:
Staphylococcus aureus (cutaneous infections, food poisoning,
endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, etc.), Staphylococcus
epidermidis (endocarditis, catheter & shunt infections,
etc.), Enterococcus (urinary infections, septicemia,
etc.).
Lecture 07: The Gram-Positive Cocci – II:
Streptococcus pyogenes (pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas,
rheumatic fever, etc.), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis, etc.),
Streptococcus agalactiae (neonatal diseases, other
infections).
Lecture 08. The Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus
anthracis (anthrax), Listeria monocytogenes (neonatal
diseases, etc.), Corynebacterium diphtheriae
(diphtheria), Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene, food
poisoning, etc.), Clostridium tetani (tetanus),
Clostridium botulinum (botulism), Clostridium difficile
(gastroenteritis), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (erysipeloid).
Lecture 09. The Gram-Negative Cocci & Anaerobic Bacilli:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea, PID, etc.),
Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis, etc.), Escherichia
coli (gastroenteritis), Salmonella (gastroenteritis,
enteric fevers, etc.), Shigella (shigellosis),
Yersinia (bubonic plague, enterocolitis), Vibrio
(cholera, gastroenteritis, etc.), Campylobacter
(gastroenteritis), Helicobacter (gastritis, gastric &
duodenal ulcers).
Lecture 10. The Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacilli:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pulmonary, skin & urinary
infections, etc.), Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough),
Francisella tularensis (tularemia), Brucella
(undulant fever, etc.), Haemophilus (meningitis, otitis,
chancroid, arthritis, etc.), Legionella pneumophila
(Legionnaires’ Disease, Pontiac fever).
Lecture 11. Anaerobes, Actinomyces, Mycobacteria &
Mycoplasmas: Actinomyces (endogenous infections),
Propionibacterium (acne), anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli
(chronic sinusitis & otitis, brain abscesses, skin & tissue
infections, etc.), Nocardia (pulmonary & cutaneous
infections), Mycobacterium (tuberculosis, leprosy, etc.),
Mycoplasma (atypical pneumonia, etc.).
Lecture 12. Spirochete, Rickettsial, & Chlamydial Pathogens:
Treponema pallidum (syphilis, yaws, etc.), Borrelia
(relapsing fever, Lyme disease), Rickettsia rickettsiae
(Rocky Mountain spotted fever), Rickettsia prowazekii
(epidemic typhus), Rickettsia typhi (endemic typhus),
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), Chlamydia trachomatis
(trachoma, urogenital infections, etc.), Chlamydophila
pneumoniae (pneumonia), Chlamydophila psittaci (ornithosis).
Lecture 13. Sterilization, Disinfection & Antisepsis:
medical importance of methods, definitions and approaches
(sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis), mechanisms of action
(physical and chemical agents).
Lecture 14. Transmission of Infectious Microbial Diseases:
spread of disease in populations, reservoirs of infection
(human, animal, and non-living reservoirs), portals of entry and
portals of exit, modes of transmission (contact, vehicles,
vectors).
Lecture 15. Viral Classification, Structure, & Replication –
I: basic characteristics and classification of viruses,
virion structure (non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses),
viral replication: overview, recognition & attachment to host
cell, penetration.
Lecture 16. Viral Classification, Structure, & Replication –
II: viral replication: uncoating, macromolecular synthesis
(general information, transcription and replication of DNA and
RNA viral genomes, production of viral proteins), assembly,
release from host cell.
Lecture 17. Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis:
acquisition & infection of target tissue, cytopathogenesis (lytic
& nonlytic infections, oncogenic viruses), human host defenses
against viral infection, immunopathology, epidemiology of viral
diseases, (age, immune status & other host factors), control of
viral spread.
Lecture 18. Papovaviruses, Adenoviruses & Poxviruses:
Papovaviridae—human papilloma viruses (warts, benign tumors,
cervical cancer, etc.), BK virus (cystitis), JC virus (PML);
Adenoviridae—adenoviruses (pharyngitis, conjunctivitis,
cold-like infections, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, acute
respiratory tract disease, etc.); Poxviridae—variola virus
(smallpox), molluscipoxvirus (molluscum contagiosum), etc.
Lecture 19. Herpesviruses & Picornaviruses:
Herpesviridae—herpes simplex viruses (cold sores, genital
herpes, encephalitis, etc.), varicella-zoster virus (chicken
pox, shingles, etc.), cytomegaloviruses (congenital disorders),
Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma);
Picornaviridae—rhinoviruses (common colds), polioviruses
(polio), Coxsackie viruses (meningitis, encephalitis,
myocarditis, pericarditis, cold-like diseases, conjunctivitis,
etc.), echoviruses (meningitis, encephalitis, exanthems,
myocarditis, pericarditis, etc.).
Lecture 20. Parvoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses
& Reoviruses: Parvoviridae—B19 (fifth disease, aplastic
crisis); Paramyxoviridae—parainfluenzaviruses (cold-like
diseases, croup, etc.), mumps virus (mumps), measles virus
(measles), respiratory syncytial virus (colds, bronchitis,
etc.); Orthomyxoviridae—influenzaviruses (influenza, other
respiratory infections, etc.); Reoviridae—rotaviruses
(gastroenteritis), coltiviruses (Colorado tick fever).
Lecture 21. Rhabdoviruses, Togaviruses & Bunyaviruses:
Rhabdoviridae—rabies virus (rabies), vesicular stomatitis virus
(flu-like disease); Togaviridae—various encephalitis viruses
(flu-like disease, encephalitis, etc.), rubella virus (German
measles); Bunyaviridae—various encephalitis viruses (flu-like
disease, encephalitis), phleboviruses & nairoviruses
(hemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis, etc.), hantaviruses
(hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, ARDS, etc.).
Lecture 22. Hepatitis Viruses, Retroviruses, Miscellaneous
Viruses & Prions: summary of hepatitis viruses;
Retroviridae—HIV (AIDS), HTLV (adult acute T-cell lymphocytic
leukemia); Calciviruses—Norwalk virus (gastroenteritis);
Coronaviridae—coronoaviruses (common colds, SARS); Flaviviridae—flaviviruses
(encephalitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, etc.);
Filoviridae—Ebola & Marburg viruses (hemorrhagic fevers); prions.
Lecture 23. Basic Biology of Fungi: general
characteristics, classification, medical importance of major
fungal groups, fungal cell structure, fungal morphology, fungal
replication, general information on fungal pathogenesis.
Lecture 24. Superficial, Cutaneous & Subcutaneous Mycoses:
mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, superficial mycoses (pityriasis
versicolor, tinea nigra, black piedra, etc.), cutaneous mycoses
(etiology, ecology & epidemiology, clinical manifestations),
subcutaneous mycoses (lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis,
chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, etc.).
Lecture 25. Systemic and Opportunistic Mycoses:
histoplasmosis (reticuloendothelial cytomycosis), blastomycosis
(Gilchrist’s disease, North American blastomycosis),
paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis),
coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis (skin and nail
diseases, disseminated infections, etc.), aspergillosis,
zygomycosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Lecture 26. Commensal & Pathogenic Human Microflora:
normal microflora of the human body, dual nature of normal flora
with respect to disease, normal flora of major human body
systems (respiratory tract & head, gastrointestinal tract,
genitourinary system, skin).
Lecture 27. Basic Biology of Parasites: medical
importance of parasites & parasitic diseases, classification &
structure of protozoa (Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora,
Apicomplexa, Microspora), classification & structure of metazoa
(helminths, arthropods), physiology & replication.
2-Hour
Case-Based Discussion/Demo-Laboratory (Small Group) Sessions
Small Group/Lab 01. Diagnosis of Infectious Disease –
General Principles: collection of specimens, microscopic
methods (simple stains, Gram stain & other differential stains,
fluorescent stains), biochemical methods, etc..
Small/Group/Lab 02. Molecular & Serologic Diagnostic
Methods: cases illustrating the technology of DNA probes,
DNA fingerprinting methods, PCR-based methods, precipitation &
immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assays
(ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), etc.
Small Group/Lab 03. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial
Diseases I – Culture & Handling: cases illustrating
collection & handling of specimens, types of pathogens to be
expected for various body fluids & tissues, etc.
Small Group/Lab 04. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial
Diseases II – Epidemiology: cases illustrating infections
related to epidemiologic surveillance.
Small Group/Lab 05. Bacterial Genetics & Antibiotic
Resistance: cases illustrating the role of gene transfer
in rapid spread of antibiotic resistance & development of
multiple resistance, causes of antibiotic resistance,
implications for future practice of medicine.
Small Group/Lab 06. Aseptic Practice & Nosocomial
Infections: cases illustrating the etiology &
epidemiology of nosocomial infections, medical & economic
significance, techniques for prevention of nosocomial
infections.
Small Group/Lab 07. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Disease:
cases illustrating use of cytology, electron microscopy, viral
isolation & growth (cell culture, etc.), detection of viral
proteins & genetic material, viral serology.
Small
Group/Lab 08. Laboratory Diagnosis of Protozoan & Other
Parasitic Diseases: cases illustrating the general
considerations of life cycle and pathogenesis of infection for
intestinal, urogenital & blood infections (collection of
specimens, techniques for specimen examination), alternatives to
microscopic methods. |
